Essay on Reader Response Criticism - 976 Words

Fish’s Reader Response Criticism is composed of two interdependent ideas: first, that the meaning of texts is shaped by the reading experience itself, and second, that these meanings cannot be judged to be correct or incorrect, but merely belonging to one â€Å"interpretive community† or another. The first idea may be identified as the executive aspect of Reader Response Criticism because it analyzes the act of reading, while the second idea is the epistemological aspect of the theory because it circumscribes the knowledge we can acquire about a text to the merely relative. Studied independently, each aspect of Reader Response Theory offers by itself strong arguments countervailing the formalist stance of the New Critics. But as we will see,†¦show more content†¦This excerpt begins at the level of innate human concepts (flesh) and proceeds through the more concrete level of medical terminology (muscles, blood, epidermis) and onwards through an evocative metapho r (red cloud). Before the reader reaches the final clause (â€Å"whose soul is lightning†), he has built up an expectation that a culminating trope will be used to close the sentence, as is usual. Instead, the fragment ends with â€Å"whose soul is lightning† which refers not to the red cloud, but to â€Å"the flesh itself.† In other words, the red cloud is not the object of the concluding clause, but a â€Å"psychological multiplier:† the reader sees a red cloud (associated with storms) and then sees lightning exacerbated by the immediately preceding image. Now the reader possesses a clear mental picture of the passionate flesh, but the strange syntax (both in French and English) leaves him uncertain about what exactly the text has said: is lightning the soul of the flesh? Is the soul the lightning emitted by the flesh? This is an important point—is the soul passion? Or is passion simply one of several manifestations of the soul? Yourcenar has d eliberately shrouded this discussion in complex syntax because the distinction itself confounds us. If you are lost as to what exactly the text says right now, Yourcenar has achieved her aim. Now take a look at Grace Frick’s artful translation of the same text: The flesh itself, that amazing instrument of muscles, blood, and skin, thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reader Response Criticism of All Bears717 Words   |  3 Pagesauthor is often not over their shoulder interpreting the text as he or she meant it to come across. The readers are usually equipped with their own previous knowledge, as well as society biases based on his or her previous life experiences. Solely from the use of these tools, as well as the reader’s vocabulary, will a reader interpret the words in front of him or her. Reader Response Criticism argues this very point. The point of any piece should be subjective, as in, it should give everyone theRead MoreEssay on Reader Response Criticism to Gods Determinations607 Words   |  3 Pages Reader Response Criticism to Gods Determinationsnbsp;nbsp; For the reader demanding either rational sense or aesthetic pleasure from poetry, reading the preface to Edward Taylors Gods Determinations is humbling in ways unintended by the 17th century Puritan minister and poet. Rationality per se seems rejected at the start, where we are asked first to comprehend Infinity, and then to envision it (everything) beholding all things(also everything). Things get no clearer as weRead More Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Reader Response Criticism2226 Words   |  9 PagesReader Response Criticism to Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Stranger (The Outsider), Albert Camus anticipates an active reader that will react to his text. He wants the reader to form a changing, dynamic opinion of Meursault. The reader can create a consciousness for Meursault from the facts that Meursault reports. By using vague and ambiguous language, Camus stimulates the reader to explore all possibilities of meaning. Camus also intends to shock the reader into rereadingRead More Reader-Response Criticism of James Joyce’s Eveline from Dubliners2399 Words   |  10 PagesSubjective Reader-Response Criticism of James Joyce’s Eveline The subjectivity evident in literary interpretation is hard to deny. Though one person may feel that James Joyce’s writing proves Joyce’s support of the feminist movement, another may believe that Joyce views women as inferior. What could account for such a difference in opinions? Schwarz explains that subjective reader-response critics would respond to a question such as this by answering that each reader uses the Read MoreThe Theories Of New Criticism1472 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the early part of the 20th century, the formalist theories of New Criticism arose as the preeminent approach to teaching literature in college and high school curricula. Centered on the idea that there is a single, fixed meaning inherent in a literary work, New Criticism is text centered with no consideration given to the author or the reader. The text exists in and of itself, and New Critics advocate methodical and systematic reading, focusing on the structure of the text to define itsRead MoreEssay on Reader Response to The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien801 Words   |  4 Pages Position Paper: Reader-response nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I read a book the other day. It was a wonderful book called The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien. I really enjoyed it; it gives the background information on the creation of Middle Earth. In it, Tolkien tells us of Illà ºvatar, Eà ¤, the Valar and the birth of Elves, Dwarves and Men. But, you know, I don’t think it has anything at all to do with Elves, Dwarves, Men and some god named Illà ºvatar. I think Tolkien really wanted to write a BiblicalRead More Reader Response to James Joyces The Dead Essays1072 Words   |  5 PagesReader Response to Joyces The Dead       James Joyces story The Dead has a tremendous impact on the readers, especially those who are familiar with the political situation in Ireland at the time about which the Joyce wrote the final story in Dubliners.   In exploring the meaning of James Joyces long short-story, The Dead, there are many critical approaches to take.   Each approach gives readers a lens, a set of guidelines through which to examine and express ideasRead MoreDo We Write the Text We Read by Reed Way Dasenbrock802 Words   |  3 Pagesaltered and revised as the text permits. Dasenbrock argues that through this passing theory, readers develop a sense of value for the literary work and can progress their own learning capabilities. Dasenbrock utilizes other theorists to make this point, specifically Stanley Fish who postulates that individuals read texts differently because they interpret differently. He explains that interpretations of the reader are created through their beliefs and furthermore, that because people have such differentRead MoreA World Of Calamity, By Ross Gay883 Words   |  4 Pagespoetry to readers allowing them to gain understanding of the cruel world that one lives in. Moreover, the unusual brutalities that people are inevitable confronted with in life. The common denominators within Gay’s poems such as violence, love, fear, and loss allows the reader to visualize characters’ transfo rmation within his poems. In a world of calamity, Gay has created poems that portray the corporal conforming to gender and sex but also human development. Using a reader-response criticism lens,Read More The Shifting Narratee in The Turn of the Screw Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesto whom a narrative is addressed. First, he establishes what a zero-degree narratee (or possessor of a minimum number of specific narratee characteristics identified by Prince) is and is not: A narratee is not the actual reader, the implied reader, or the ideal reader. The narratee is beholden to the narrator, because, Without the assistance of the narrator, without his explanations and the information supplied by him, the narratee is able neither to interpret the value of an action or to

The Effects Of Government On Our Life Essay - 1653 Words

Effects of government on our life As a citizen of the United States of America it is easy to get caught up with your day to day life and not realize everything going on around you. If you sit back and think about all the ways government affects you, you will be amazed. Let’s discuss our different levels of government, our federalist style of government, the pros and cons associated with our federalist style, the way government affects you daily, the private sector, as well as what things our government is involved in I feel is unnecessary. First, the three spheres or levels of government in the American Democracy are National Government, State Government, and Local Government. Most American citizens have more contact with their local or state government than their federal government. Local government is what most people come into contact with in their daily life. Local government is divided into two different sectors counties and cities. Our local government has responsibility for city parks, our police and fire departments, as well as our school districts and hospitals. In our local government we elect as a people the mayor and other city council members to use the funds they are provided by the state and residents to make our cities great. As for the state government, â€Å"All powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states and the people†. (U.S. Constitution) The state government must have a republican form of government. This was guaranteed byShow MoreRelatedThe Federalism Of The U nited States1119 Words   |  5 PagesFederalism idea as putting into effect the Constitution for Federal, State, and Local governments. These areas are served as different areas with different needs and goals within the federalist theory. The National Government has expressed powers over the nation and subjects that effect our nation. The State has limited powers that are involved within the State’s boundaries. The local government is expressed to help regulate the states. All together the governments make one unitary system that canRead MoreEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divo rce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. Many of these effects also directly correlate to the effect on a society. HoweverRead MoreCrisis On The Horizon : Global Warming1736 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to the increase in its effects has been widely debated over the past few decades. The relationship we have with the world is changing its very inhabitability and the United States of America’s government is trying to implement a change but, it may be few and far from what the earth needs to stop the snowballing heat our atmosphere is creating. There are three major things to know understanding how the greenhouse effect works and how it affects humans, what the government is doing, or not doing,Read MoreIndex of Economic Freedom Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences play out on the grand scale, in the long run. In this paper we look at the proxy effects of policies intended by governments to forge policies in the short run, as compared to the i nevitable effects that flow from these policies in the long run. Our primary tools are the Index of Economic Freedom calculated annually by The Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal, and basic quality of life measures from the CIA World Factbook. 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The actions that in many cases are considered by these Governments are; Threats of imprisonments if the individual acts in an unfavourable way, prohibition of political parties and protests, also a very common limitation undertook within many places, such as Korea, is the censorship of the media and the killing or imprisonment of Journalists who have took part in media considered offensive to the current Government or actsRead MoreThe Science Fiction Film Genre Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfiction films give us a taste of what our lives would be like if our technological situation were different. These technological changes could be a result of humans taking a different path in the past or the present, evolving into the future or as a result of a visit by extra-terrestrials. It may sound obvious but a science fiction film is fiction. While science fiction films deal with real concerns they are entirely fictional. The film Deep Impact (1998) plays on our fear of Armageddon. 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Therefore, leading to this discussion on why the federal government should allow free college tuition and the effects and consequences of doing so. Introducing the Issue According to Dan Lips, (an analyst at the Heritage foundation) tuition and fees of public colleges have had over a 125% increase since 1986. This is the direct result of government subsidies that try to make college â€Å"affordable†Read MorePoverty Is A Hot Topic On The Current World Of Politics1467 Words   |  6 Pagesliving in poverty. Poverty can affect anyone and effect everyone in our society. One may wonder what poverty is and why poverty is a big issue or does it have a large impact on our societies. Webster’s dictionary defines poverty as the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. In a world that is full of the latest and the most advanced possessions and technologies to enhanced our way of life, it seems that there is a remedy for almost anything

Music as Social and Political Instrument of Change in Latin America Free Essays

Philosophers and critics have long argued over which way the maxim should read:   does art imitate life, or does life imitate art?   Historically, artists of every medium have contributed to the social dialogue via there works, whether through hieroglyphics depicting a successful journey to the underworld, a holy Requiem for the dead, or shock artist Robert Mapplethorpe’s sexually and religiously controversial exhibits.   Music transcends most art forms as a tool for unification because it inherently invites participation, even more so than dance or theater in the realm of the performing arts, which demand more individual preparation.   Songs and chants can be generated anywhere, and often hearken back to indigenous folk music that taps into a communal experience, thus strengthening the sense of interconnectedness. We will write a custom essay sample on Music as Social and Political Instrument of Change in Latin America or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Latin American, two similar genres of music developed out of the cultural music of the region in response to contemporary socio-political issues that personally affected in Chile and Cuba.   In Chile, Nueva Cancià ³n (â€Å"New Song†) emerged in the mid-1960s, just as Nueva Trova was taking root in Cuba.   In light of the New Song movement’s intimate relationships in the revolutions that rocked Latin America during the late 60s to mid 70s, one is urged to conclude that Eric Selbin’s assertion regarding revolutions being â€Å"made† not â€Å"arriving† more accurately reflects the inherent ideological influence in socio-political upheaval.   As Nancy Morris records a member of the musical movement saying, â€Å"’[Canto Nuevo is] not just a post-1973 way of singing.   In what is said and how it’s said poetically and musically, Canto Nuevo is a process’† (qtd. in Morris 118). Both musical movements stemmed from artistic reactions to the living and working conditions in Chile and Cuba respectively, and both embraced traditional folk music’s conventions as a platform to express politicized lyrics.   â€Å"New Song began as a fusion of traditional musical forms with socially relevant lyrics.   Although each country has developed variations of New Song that reflect local social and political conditions and musical styles, New Song as a whole can be characterized as music intended to support and promote social change† (Morris 117). In Chile, songwriter, activist, educator, poet and martyr Victor Para wrote songs that for many defined the atmosphere of the movement and the hope of the community. His song, â€Å"Plegaria a un Labrador,† which â€Å"uses Biblical language to convey a message of hope and change,† was chosen as the best song of the Primer Festival de la Nueva Cancià ³n Chilena in 1969 (Morris 120).   Jara’s music (and the music of the entire movement) was like a responding chorus to the political requests of Salvador Allende, the Unidad Popular (â€Å"Popular Unity†) coalition candidate.   In â€Å"Plegaria a un Labrador,† Jara wrote the following lyrics: levà ¡ntate y mà ­rate las manos,  para crecer estrà ©chalas a tu hermano.   Juntos iremos   unidos en la sangre.   Hoy es el tiempo que puede ser maà ±ana   rise up and look upon your hands,   so as to grow clasp your brother’s in your own.   We shall advance together united in our blood.   Today is the time/when we can shape tomorrow. These lyrics suggest a call to arms and a charge to unify (i.e., â€Å"Unidad Popular†) so that the many can affect positive change for the good of the citizenry.   Yet there is still a sense of hope in the song, that the working class have the capacity to stand together and â€Å"advance,† not simply battle meaninglessly against oppression.   Jara went on to openly support Allende, including performing free concerts. Only three years after Allende was elected, the US-supported military staged a coup on September 11, 1973.   Allende most likely committed suicide. â€Å"The music of the Nueva Cancià ³n was severely affect by this media censorship [after the coup]. It was banned from the airwaves, removed from record stores, confiscated, and burned†¦ musicians were exiled, imprisoned, and, in the well-known case of Victor Jara, killed† (Morris 123). On September 12, 1973, Jara and thousands of other Allende supporters were taken to the Chile Stadium, where Jara was tortured and murdered.   The new government tried to silence the Nueva Cancià ³n by forcing the musicians to hide, but the music was not the property of the musicians; as Jara so eloquently wrote, the music was for the working people of Chile, and thus is was not to be completely suppressed. In Cuba, the revolution began with in 1953 with the guerilla attack on the Moncada Barracks and culminated in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista’s government on January 1, 1959 by a group, which included Fidel Castro, Raul Castro, and Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara.   After he assumed power, Castro spent the early part of the 1960s eliminating all Batista loyalists, including the mass execution of 70 Batista regime soldiers.   One crucial element of support for Castro’s social change, even in the wake of such brutality, was the proliferation of songs that supported the revolution and its progressive intentions. Artists such as Silvio Rodrà ­guez and   Pablo Milanà ©s were responsible for the Nueva Trova in the late 60s, and their efforts were directed to re-imagining the traditional music for the new culture under Castro’s political umbrella.   To this end, the government sponsored and supported those artists of the movement, because they were, in turn, supporting the progressive movements of the new party.   Both Rodrà ­guez and Milanà ©s wrote songs for Che Guevara, for example.   â€Å"By negotiating their way through Cuban cultural politics, Rodriguez’s generation defined their politics in the process, proving Cuban culture to be diverse and inspiring,†¦challenging propaganda clichà ©s by creating the distinctive self- critical songs of the Cuban revolution,† (Fairly 15). In both countries, the music makers were part of the recipe for social and political change.   Their lyrics gave illiterate people a way to express their frustrations and concerns, and the musicians of the Nueva Cancià ³n worked with and against the political forces of their day.   As Fairly writes:  In a country not blessed with newspapers, the words of songs matter: songs like the iconic Ojala, a song about impossible desire and dreams that seems to capture all life’s uncertainties in one, became the soundtrack of everyday life across the Spanish-speaking world. Although he was no apologist for the revolution, Rodriguez’s popularity at home became so great that people joked that he had gone from being â€Å"banned† to â€Å"obligatory.† (15)  This sense of obligation is part of the way in which many people have a hand in creating and growing massive socio-political movements. Works Cited Jan Fairley. â€Å"Film Music: Jazz, World, Folk etc†¦ An accidental hero: For Latin Americans, Silvio Rodriguez is the equivalent of the Beatles and Dylan rolled into one. Ahead of a rare UK visit, Jan Fairley met the Cuban singer.† The Guardian Sept. 2006: 15.  Ã‚   National Newspapers, London, UK. ProQuest. 6 Feb. 2007 ;http://www.proquest.com/;  Morris, Nancy.   â€Å"Canto Porque es Necesario Cantar: The New Song Movement in Chile, 1973-1983.† Latin American Research Review 21.2 (1986): 117-136. ; ; How to cite Music as Social and Political Instrument of Change in Latin America, Essay examples

Information Governance Desired Goal of the System

Question: Discuss about the Report for Information Governance for Desired Goal of the System. Answer: Introduction Information Governance or IG can be seen as the process of ensuring efficient use of resources of an organization to achieve the desired goal of the system. IG is a multidisciplinary structure that deals with the policies and processes for managing the information and hence using it for satisfying the operational requirements of the organization (Smallwood 2014). This work is aimed to review to article related to information governance. In his article Debreceny (2013) has discussed the research that was done on IT governance, associated risk and the values of the system, further the challenges and the opportunity encountered during the research has been presented for a deeper understanding of the subject. The second article SpremiĆ¡ et al. (2013) have discussed the implementation of IT governance standards and business continuity management in the banking sector in Croatia and Bosnia. The authors have discovered a novel technique of combining the technology and the planning perspective for business continuity management. Analysis The IT governance is the framework that ensures the support of IT infrastructure to enable and ensure the strategic goals of the organization. The IT governance is an umbrella which contains specific domains like Business Continuity Management, regulations, service management, project governance, etc. (De Haes and Van Grembergen 2015). With the recent evolution of computer and allied accessories and services the information and IT governance have become almost one (Community.aiim.org, 2016). The article authored by Debreceny (2013) has discussed the broader aspect of the IT governance and SpremiĆ¡ et al. (2013) have discussed BCM (Business Continuity management) for IT governance in the two countries. Strategic Information Systems (IS) management ensures the utilization of the existing knowledge for forecasting the results of the processes according to the requirement. BCM fall under the umbrella of Information system management, it ensures resilience to the business and easy and fast trouble shooting framework (Jrvelinen 2013). The main issue that has been addressed in the first paper has been due to the issue that has been faced in Accounting Information System (AIS). As has been mentioned in the paper, there is a wide range of research interest in the area of IT Governance, the research areas that have caught the fancy of the researcher are risk management, management of values and value delivery which helps in sorting out the problems of both AIS and MIS (Management Information System). The research in the domain of ITG have helped in better functioning of business by helping in the evolution of business strategic planning with the help of IT enabled tools, setting up of effic ient technological platform for better performance and firm management (Debreceny 2013). In the second paper, the authors have emphasised the importance of the BCM techniques which has emerged again with the advent of the internet and e-business. With the evolution of the technology the BCM has become an integral part of the Information System (IS). The businesses today need the services to be available round the clock for ensuring continuous availability, hence making the BCM the most vital tool for each business (SpremiĆ¡ et al. 2013). The literature review done by the author of the paper suggests that the investment dimensions of ITG demands assurance of facilitation of the strategic and the tactical goals of the organization. ITG is the subset of the corporate governance although the line that existed between them is slowly fading with the advent of the mobile computing devices. The umbrella of corporate governance covers various parameters and ITG is evidently the most important one and the penetration of technology has eased the different aspects of the business (Bnten et al. 2014). The literature review done by SpremiĆ¡ et al. (2013) shows the emergence of separate discipline for IT around 15 years ago. The emergence of the technology has reduced the separation between the IT and managerial disciplines with the emergence of online business platforms as mentioned before. The high availability systems which have an uptime for almost 99%, are deciding the fate of business with advanced user feedback too ls that records data throughout the day. Theses system decides the various scenarios for availability depending upon the availability, downtime, tolerance, etc. An adaptation form the paper shows the impact of downtime upon the user of the online services. The continuously available services that have an uptime of more than 99.99% had no impact upon the tolerance level of the user, the system with little lower rate of uptime 99.9% created a business interruption, but a system with lesser uptime resulted in business losses that could be very vital for an organization. Business Continuity Institute (thebci.org 2016), has defined the BCM as the holistic management process that help the system in identification of the potential threats to an organization and helps in making the system more versatile and resilient to stress. The risk management in an organization can be assessed with the help of tools like audits and quality assessments of the system. The aspects that have to be properly scrutinized include the Information System (IS) and the IT. The aim of such audit that is carried out in the system is to understand the key business processes and the impact of IT upon them. This helps in contingency analysis, the security threats to the system and a better and efficient control of the system. After the identification of the contingencies, the required steps have to be taken into account for prevention, they are acceptance (organization lives with the risk), reduction (necessary steps are taken to reduce the impact), avoidance (nullifies the problem) , sharing (shares among the people for reducing the impact). According to Debreceny (2013) the core issue with the ITG lies with the alignment of ITG and the allied processes of the system. Many researchers have worked upon the strategic alignment of the system for setting a proper technological direction. Since all the decisions are taken by the finance department of the system, hence the major consumer of the IT services of a system is the finance department as it need to understand the various aspect of the project its progress and the real need and demand. Also IT helps the top brass of the organization to keep track of the system progress thus helping them to take decisions that are in best interest of the company. The increased integration of the various chains into one system too has made the decision maker dependent upon the real time data generation for which the internal audit function plays a major role in deciding the different aspect of the system functions (Huber 2013) . The author also feels that the revenue invested in audit and the resources allotted for audit is very low and should be increased for a better system. Further in his paper the author has given the research direction for researchers, he has mentioned that process maturity is an important aspect of ITG and due importance should be given to it for a better system. Conclusion In this article, the various aspects of information governance were discussed in detail for better management of the system. For a better understanding of the subject, two articles have been critically compared, contrasted and analyzed. The first article which discusses the IT governance for information governance, the risks and values have helped in understanding the challenges and the opportunities that make or mars a system. The second article detailed the development of business continuity management over a decade and implementation of technology and planning for better information governance. The analyses of the two articles have helped in developing a better understanding of the subject. References Bnten, S., Joshi, A., De Haes, S., and Van Grembergen, W., 2014. Understanding the association between IT governance maturity and IT governance disclosure.International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG),5(1), pp.16-33. Community.aiim.org. (2016). Defining the Differences Between Information Governance, IT Governance, Data Governance - Association for Information and Image Management International. [online] Available at: https://community.aiim.org/blogs/robert-smallwood/2014/08/18/defining-the-differences-between-information-governance-it-governance--data-governance [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016]. De Haes, S. and Van Grembergen, W., 2015.Enterprise Governance of Information Technology: Achieving Alignment and Value, Featuring COBIT 5. Springer. Debreceny, R.S., 2013. Research on IT governance, risk, and value: Challenges and opportunities.Journal of Information Systems,27(1), pp.129-135. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Huber, G.P., 2013. 16 Information Technology and Organizational Decision Making The effects of advanced information technologies on.Strategic Information Management, p.460. Jrvelinen, J., 2013. IT incidents and business impacts: Validating a framework for continuity management in information systems.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), pp.583-590. Smallwood, R.F., 2014.Information Governance: Concepts, strategies, and best practices. John Wiley Sons. SpremiĆ¡, M., BajgoriĆ¡, N. and Turulja, L., 2013. Implementation of IT governance standards and business continuity management in transition economies: The case of the banking sector in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.Ekonomska istraÃ…Â ¾ivanja,26(1), pp.183-202. The user, S. (2016). What is Business Continuity?. [online] Thebci.org. Available at: https://www.thebci.org/index.php/resources/what-is-business-continuity [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016].